根據(jù)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志編輯國(guó)際委員會(huì) (The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)制定的《生物醫(yī)學(xué)雜志投稿統(tǒng)一要求》(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997)*, 一篇生物醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“論文”)應(yīng)包括以下12個(gè)部分:
1.標(biāo)題(Title) 7.致謝(Acknowledgements)
2.摘要(Abstract) 8.參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
3.引言(Introduction) 9.插圖說(shuō)明(Legends)
4.材料與方法(Materials and Methods ) 10.插圖(Figures)
5.結(jié)果(Results) 11.表格(Tables)
6.討論(Discussion) 12.照片和說(shuō)明(Plates and Explanations)
以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因?qū)嶋H情況不需要外,其他各部分是一篇論文必不可少的內(nèi)容。
1)引言部分 總的要求是:The purpose of an introduction is to bring the reader into the general area of your study and then state the specific area of study (move from the general to the specific). The introduction shows the scope of your investigation efforts.** 即:說(shuō)明研究的總體范圍和目的。
具體內(nèi)容包括:
A 背景 – 說(shuō)明所研究問(wèn)題的目前總體情況或歷史(statement of general area or history of problem);
B.意義 – 說(shuō)明研究的意義或必要性(statement of importance or need);
C.進(jìn)展 – 說(shuō)明有關(guān)該問(wèn)題的先有發(fā)現(xiàn)、報(bào)告或研究(statement of previous findings, reports or studies)。陳述這部分內(nèi)容時(shí)一般要有引文(citations);
D 目的 – 說(shuō)明本研究的目的(statement of purpose of current study);
E. 范圍 – 說(shuō)明要研究問(wèn)題的具體范圍(statement of specific area of problem to be studied)
1)材料與方法部分
總的要求是:Readers must be able to reproduce your results, evaluate the validity of your results and the soundness of your methods, and follow the logic in the paper. 即:結(jié)果的可重演性、方法的可*性以及前后的邏輯性。
具體內(nèi)容包括:
A.簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明研究設(shè)計(jì)(study design / protocol),如:回顧(retrospective / review),前瞻(prospective),臨床(clinical),動(dòng)物(animal),實(shí)驗(yàn)(experimental),活體內(nèi)(in vivo)活體外(in vitro),原位(in situ)隨訪(follow-up),對(duì)照(controlled),隨機(jī)(random / randomized),雙盲交*(double-blind crossover),人群(population / cohort / migrant),對(duì)比(comparative),流行病學(xué)(epidemiological)等研究性質(zhì);
B. 詳細(xì)說(shuō)明研究對(duì)象(subject)情況,包括研究人員(student),被研究的人(client)和動(dòng)物(animal)的性別(***)、年齡(age),物種(species),品種(breed)生理狀態(tài)(physiological state); 微生物則要說(shuō)明其菌株(strain),血清型(serotype)及其他區(qū)別特性(identity characteristics);
C. 隨機(jī)分組分組方法(methods of any random assignment of subjects to groups)和選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(criteria for admission to study groups);
D. 詳細(xì)說(shuō)明所用的藥物(drug),激素(hormone),試劑(reagent)和其他化學(xué)品(chemical)的名稱(chēng)、商標(biāo)(trademark)、生產(chǎn)廠家(manufacturer)及所在地(location)E. 簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明測(cè)定方法(method of measurement),包括名稱(chēng),引文和偏差(variations);F. 簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析方法(method of statistic analysis)
這部分的陳述程序一般為:研究設(shè)計(jì) → 研究對(duì)象性質(zhì) → 處理 / 干預(yù)方法 → 測(cè)定 / 觀察手段 → 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
除指示性說(shuō)明外,如:“病人資料見(jiàn)表1”(Data of the patients are shown in Table 1)“材料與方法”和“結(jié)果”兩部分一律用過(guò)去時(shí)表達(dá)。
3) 結(jié)果部分 總的要求:This section tells the reader what happened in your work. Remember: let your results speak for themselves and don’t embellish (leave that for the Discussion section), 即:讓研究的客觀結(jié)果說(shuō)話,不要添枝加葉。
具體要求:
1) 對(duì)所獲結(jié)果進(jìn)行概述(overview of the results);
2) 說(shuō)明所獲資料或數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)意義(statistical significance);
統(tǒng)計(jì)支持(statistical support),包括圖,表,照片等 (凡用圖表表示的內(nèi)容不再用文字詳述)。
不要用模棱兩可的詞或短語(yǔ)表述結(jié)果,如: “ The results tended to be greater than…”, “… showed no promising trends”, “It could / might be inhibited by …”。
4) 討論部分
總的要求:The author should tell the reader what the results mean by placing them in the context of previous published studies of the problem, 即:與先有研究相比,本研究有何意義。具體要求:
A. 簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明研究背景(background)
B. 簡(jiǎn)要介紹總的發(fā)現(xiàn)(general findings);
C. 介紹具體要點(diǎn)(introduction of points)
D.與現(xiàn)有發(fā)現(xiàn)(若有)進(jìn)行比較(comparison in the context of other studies)
E. 意義(suggested meaning)
F. 結(jié)論(conclusion)
G.前瞻研究(future studies)
結(jié)論往往是論文中最長(zhǎng)也是最難寫(xiě)的部分,主要原因是作者要對(duì)研究結(jié)果和發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析、推斷、演繹和推理,要求作者具有很強(qiáng)邏輯思維能力和英語(yǔ)文字組織能力。此外,這部分時(shí)態(tài)比較復(fù)雜,要分清實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程和結(jié)果(過(guò)去時(shí))與分析意見(jiàn)(確定:現(xiàn)在時(shí);不確定或假設(shè):過(guò)去時(shí))的區(qū)別;他人研究結(jié)果(過(guò)去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))與本研究結(jié)果(過(guò)去時(shí))的區(qū)別;普遍適用的結(jié)論(現(xiàn)在時(shí))與只適用本研究的結(jié)論(過(guò)去時(shí))的其別等。因此,對(duì)于however, may, might, could, would, possibly, probably, be likely to 等詞(組)的使用以及we believe (think / consider) that, to our knowledge, in our experience (practice) 等插入語(yǔ)的使用就顯得格外重要。5) 致謝部分
總的要求:Always get approval of your intention to mention someone in the acknowledgement and approval of the form in which you will present the acknowledgement, 即:致謝詞和致謝方式必須征得受謝人或單位的同意。
6) 參考文獻(xiàn)
總的要求:Reference styles should be specific to each journal, 既:根據(jù)各雜志的具體要求,因?yàn)楦麟s志對(duì)參考文獻(xiàn)部分的編排順序和格式不盡統(tǒng)一。現(xiàn)將URMSBJ要求的20多種參考文獻(xiàn)中最常見(jiàn)的5種格式列舉如下:
1) Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996 Jun 1; 124(11): 980-3. [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雜志文章]
2) The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical excise stress testing:Safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust 1996; 164: 282-4. [作者是個(gè)組織]
3) Cancer in South Africa [editorial]. S Afr Med J 1984; 84: 15. [無(wú)作者名]
4) Shen HM, Zhang QF. Risk assessment of nickel cardiogenicity and occupational lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Suppl 1: 275-82. [某雜志增刊]
5) Browell DA, Lennard TW. Immunologic status of the cancer patient and the effects of blood transfusion on antitumor responses. Curr Opin Gen Surg 1993; 325-33 [無(wú)期無(wú)卷]
7) 插圖說(shuō)明
總的要求:Type or point out legends for illustrations using double spacing, starting on a separate page, 既:插圖說(shuō)明要另頁(yè)雙行打印。當(dāng)插圖中有箭頭(arrow)、符號(hào)(symbol)、數(shù)字(number)或字母(letter)時(shí),要在這部分(不是在插圖頁(yè)上)對(duì)其方向、位置等作出非常明確的說(shuō)明。
8)插圖
總的要求:Design your figures for the appropriate reduction, 即:插圖要按雜志的版面大小比例進(jìn)行壓縮;不要把插圖拍成照片。
9)表格 總的要求:A table should be a totally self-contained unit of information, 即:表格要作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的信息單位另頁(yè)打印。表格要簡(jiǎn)明清楚,完整(標(biāo)題、內(nèi)容和腳注),即使只有一張表格也要標(biāo)Table 1。