For more than a year, food manufacturers have been shaving package sizes and raising prices, declaring that they had little choice because of unprecedented increases in the cost of raw ingredients like corn, soybeans and wheat.

    Now, with the price of grains and other commodities plunging, it may seem logical that grocery prices will follow. But while prices for some items like milk and fresh produce are dropping, those of most packaged items and meat are holding firm or even increasing. Experts warn that consumers should not expect lower prices anytime soon on most items at the grocery store or in restaurants.

    Government and industry economists project that the overall cost of food will continue to climb in 2009, led by increases for meat and poultry. A big reason, they say, is that food companies still have not caught up with the prolonged run-up in commodity prices, which remain above historical averages despite coming down from their highs early this year.

    The Agriculture Department is forecasting that food prices will increase 3.5 to 4.5 percent in 2009, compared with an estimated 5 to 6 percent increase by the end of this year.

    Some economists project even steeper increases next year. For instance, Bill Lapp, principal at Advanced Economic Solutions in Omaha, said he expected food prices to jump 7 to 9 percent next year.

    “For the last 21 months, food manufacturers, restaurants and livestock producers have been absorbing significant costs that in my view are likely to be passed on to consumers in 2009 and beyond,” said Mr. Lapp, a former chief economist at ConAgra Foods.

    While predicting future food prices is an inexact science, data released by the Labor Department last week suggested the forecasters might be right.

    Overall consumer prices recorded the biggest drop in the history of the Consumer Price Index, but food prices continued to inch upward, albeit at a slower pace than in previous months. The C.P.I. showed that grocery prices rose 0.1 percent in October.

    Some of the more visible items on grocery shelves, including produce and dairy products, dropped sharply in recent weeks, but not enough to offset the general trend of rising prices. Restaurant prices rose 0.5 percent in October.

    Commodity prices began climbing rapidly in the fall of 2007, and food companies were hit hard by the increases. They tried to slow eroding profit margins by cutting operating costs, making packages smaller and raising prices.

    Some companies, like Kellogg and Heinz, have managed to offset the higher ingredient costs and post robust profits by using shrewd commodity hedges and by raising prices without losing many customers. They also benefited from a trend of consumers eating out less and buying more groceries.

    But other food companies have struggled. Hershey, for instance, locked in high cocoa prices this year only to see prices drop this fall, analysts say. And meat and poultry companies have been hit by higher feed costs and a limited ability to charge higher prices, at least in the short term.

    Now, even though costs for ingredients like corn and wheat have dropped, meat and poultry providers say they still have not raised prices enough to cover their increased costs. And packaged food manufacturers are unlikely to lower prices because commodity costs remain relatively high and they are still trying to rebuild eroded margins.

    Michael Mitchell, a spokesman for Kraft Foods, said that the company’s food ingredient costs this year were running $2 billion higher than in 2007, a 13 percent increase, but that the company had raised its overall prices by only 7 percent.

    William P. Roenigk, senior vice president and chief economist for the National Chicken Council, said his industry had been losing money for more than a year. Chicken producers are now trying to recover those costs by reducing production, which will eventually alter the balance between supply and demand. “The time is coming when we’re going to see a very significant increase in the retail price of chicken,” he said.

    The restaurant industry, which has been battered by a sharp drop in customers, also says it has not been able to raise prices enough to keep pace with the cost of ingredients.

    People in the restaurant business said they did not like raising prices during an economic downturn. “If anything in this environment, one would be looking at the ability to offer much greater emphasis on value pricing in restaurant menus,” said Hudson Riehle, chief economist of the National Restaurant Association. “In contrast, exactly the opposite is happening. Our operators are being forced to raise menu prices at the highest rate since 1990.”

    Predictions about food prices are subject to change because commodity prices are unpredictable. Ephraim Leibtag, an economist for the Agriculture Department, said food inflation would slow by the middle of next year if commodity prices remained low. “Right now the forecast is about 4 percent, but that would be lowered if we do not see any surge in commodity costs over the next few months,” he said.

    A reason that overall food prices are expected to continue increasing is the lag between price increases for basic commodities and for finished food products in the grocery store, particularly for meat and processed foods. Consider the price of corn, an ingredient in things like cereal and breaded shrimp. It was not too long ago that corn hovered around $2 or $3 a bushel.

    But corn prices began climbing last fall and peaked around $8 a bushel in June. They have since dropped to about $3.50 a bushel, still above the historical norm. Some food manufacturers locked in prices for corn and other commodities in the spring and summer, fearing that prices could go even higher. But prices fell instead, and they are now stuck with the higher prices until their contracts expire.

    When costs go up for livestock producers, they are often unable to immediately raise prices because those prices are set on the open market, which is dictated by supply and demand. Instead, they begin reducing the size of their herds or flocks, which eventually leads to less meat on the market and higher prices. But reducing livestock production can take months to years, and in the interim it can actually suppress prices as breeding animals are slaughtered to reduce production.

    The prospect of more food inflation is inflaming a debate over its causes. Many food manufacturers and economists maintain that one culprit is government policies promoting the use of ethanol fuel made from corn.

    About a third of the corn crop is used for ethanol, putting ethanol producers in competition with livestock farmers and food manufacturers. The result, they contend, is that prices for corn are now higher and more volatile.

    “The connection of oil prices to agricultural commodities is new as of 2007, and it’s a major game changer for those in the food production business,” said Thomas E. Elam, president of FarmEcon, a consulting firm.

    But ethanol advocates counter that the food industry’s arguments have been proved false, saying that corn prices have declined as ethanol production is increasing. Matt Hartwig, spokesman for the Renewable Fuels Association, an ethanol industry group, said food companies were “very quick to tell the American public that they had to raise food prices because corn was so expensive, and that the reason corn was so expensive was corn-based ethanol.”

    Mr. Hartwig added: “Now, clearly, we know that relationship doesn’t exist. If ethanol isn’t the reason, what is the real reason for food prices going up?”

    一年多以來(lái)，食品制造商宣稱(chēng)，由于玉米、大豆和小麥等原料價(jià)格空前上漲，他們幾乎沒(méi)有選擇，唯有削減包裝尺寸，抬高價(jià)格。

    現(xiàn)在，隨著谷物和其他消費(fèi)品價(jià)格的飛躍上升，食品價(jià)格跟著上漲似乎大有可能。盡管有些東西如牛奶和水產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格正在下降，但大部分的包裝物和肉類(lèi)的價(jià)格依然堅(jiān)挺甚至還在上升。有專(zhuān)家警告說(shuō)，消費(fèi)者任何時(shí)候都不要奢望在雜貨店或飯店里的消費(fèi)會(huì)很快地有所下降。

    政府和產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)言，食品總成本在2009年會(huì)繼續(xù)爬升，肉和禽類(lèi)更為領(lǐng)先。他們說(shuō)，一個(gè)最大的原因就是，盡管曾從年初的高價(jià)位跌落，食品企業(yè)仍然沒(méi)有追趕上初級(jí)商品價(jià)格長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的升高，還保留在歷史平均數(shù)之上。

    農(nóng)業(yè)部門(mén)預(yù)測(cè)，與估計(jì)的截至今年年底的5-6%的價(jià)格上漲相比較，2009年食品價(jià)格將上漲3.5-4.5%。

    還有一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)，明年上漲的幅度甚至更大。比如，Bill Lapp，奧馬哈高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所的負(fù)責(zé)人就說(shuō)，他預(yù)計(jì)明年食品價(jià)格會(huì)上升7-9%。

    還有一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)，明年上漲的幅度甚至更大。比如，Bill Lapp，奧馬哈高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所的負(fù)責(zé)人就說(shuō)，他預(yù)計(jì)明年食品價(jià)格會(huì)上升7-9%。

    盡管預(yù)報(bào)未來(lái)食品價(jià)格是一門(mén)不精確的學(xué)問(wèn)，但勞工部上周公布的資料卻暗示預(yù)測(cè)可能是準(zhǔn)確的。

    所有零售價(jià)格都記載了消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)歷史上的最大下跌幅度，但食品價(jià)格卻繼續(xù)步步見(jiàn)漲，雖然在先前的幾個(gè)月中速度有所減緩。

    雜貨店貨架上更多可見(jiàn)的商品，包括農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和乳制品，在最近幾周價(jià)格跌得很厲害，但不足以抵消價(jià)格升高的總體趨勢(shì)。10月份，飯店的價(jià)格就提高了0.5%。

    農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格在2007年秋季開(kāi)始升得很快，食品企業(yè)受到此次物價(jià)上漲的嚴(yán)重打擊。他們?cè)O(shè)法通過(guò)裁減運(yùn)營(yíng)成本、改小包裝和提高價(jià)格來(lái)慢慢蠶食利潤(rùn)空間。

    有些企業(yè)，象家樂(lè)氏和亨氏，通過(guò)運(yùn)用精明的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品限制和提高價(jià)格來(lái)設(shè)法抵消越來(lái)越高的配料成本和穩(wěn)定強(qiáng)勁的利潤(rùn)，同時(shí)又不致喪失大量的消費(fèi)者。他們也受益于這一趨勢(shì)——消費(fèi)者外出就餐日益減少而購(gòu)買(mǎi)更多的食品。

    可是另外的食品企業(yè)卻在掙扎。分析家說(shuō)，例如好時(shí)公司，巧克力價(jià)格居高不下，只有在這個(gè)秋季才看到有所下調(diào)。肉類(lèi)和禽類(lèi)企業(yè)因飼料成本越來(lái)越高、至少在短期內(nèi)調(diào)高價(jià)格能力有限而倍受打擊。

    現(xiàn)在，即使諸如玉米和小麥之類(lèi)的農(nóng)作物成本下跌，肉類(lèi)和禽類(lèi)供應(yīng)商也會(huì)說(shuō)他們依然沒(méi)有把價(jià)格提高至足以將他們?cè)黾恿说某杀景�含在�?nèi)。包裝食品制造商未必會(huì)降低價(jià)格，因?yàn)檗r(nóng)產(chǎn)品成本依然比較高，他們依舊想方設(shè)法重建越來(lái)越小的利潤(rùn)空間。

    卡夫食品發(fā)言人Michael Mitchell稱(chēng)，該公司食品配料成本今年比2007年多花了20億美元，增加了13%，但公司全部商品價(jià)格只提高了7%。

    William P. Roenigk，全國(guó)雞肉理事會(huì)的高級(jí)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)和首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家反映，他的工廠虧損已一年多了。雞肉生產(chǎn)商現(xiàn)在正試圖通過(guò)減產(chǎn)來(lái)彌補(bǔ)成本費(fèi)用，這將最終改變供需平衡。“我們將看到雞肉零售價(jià)猛升的時(shí)刻正在到來(lái)。”他說(shuō)。

    由于顧客銳減而被弄垮的餐飲業(yè)也說(shuō)，他們不可能將價(jià)格充分提高以跟上材料成本。

    餐飲行業(yè)人士說(shuō)他們也不愿意在經(jīng)濟(jì)低迷時(shí)期拉高價(jià)格。“如果這種環(huán)境下能做什么的話，那一定是著眼于大力強(qiáng)調(diào)餐廳菜單價(jià)值定價(jià)的能力。”美國(guó)國(guó)家餐館協(xié)會(huì)首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家Hudson Riehle說(shuō)。“相反，現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的情況卻恰恰相反。我們的經(jīng)營(yíng)者正被迫進(jìn)行自1990年以來(lái)最大幅度的提價(jià)。”

    預(yù)言食品價(jià)格將改變是因?yàn)槲飪r(jià)不可預(yù)知。Ephraim Leibtag，農(nóng)業(yè)部門(mén)的一位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家說(shuō)，如果物價(jià)維持在低水平的話，食品通脹到明年年中會(huì)減緩。“現(xiàn)在預(yù)測(cè)為大約4%，但假如往后幾個(gè)月看不到物價(jià)飆升，那有可能會(huì)低一點(diǎn)。”

    預(yù)期所有食品價(jià)格繼續(xù)上漲的一個(gè)原因就是，基本商品和雜貨店里食品成品價(jià)格上漲之間的滯后，尤其是肉和加工過(guò)的食品。仔細(xì)看看玉米，麥片粥和沾滾過(guò)面包屑的小蝦之類(lèi)的配料就知道了。不久前玉米價(jià)格還徘徊在2-3美元一蒲式耳呢。

    不過(guò)玉米價(jià)格去年秋天就開(kāi)始攀升了，6月更是達(dá)到了峰頂值——要8美元一蒲式耳。即使價(jià)格又回落到3.5美元一蒲式耳了，可依然還是高于歷史標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。有些食品生產(chǎn)商在春夏兩季囤積玉米和其他商品，因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心價(jià)格會(huì)越來(lái)越高。但相反，價(jià)格下跌了，而他們現(xiàn)在還得付高昂的價(jià)格直至合約期滿。

    對(duì)牲畜產(chǎn)出商家而言，當(dāng)成本上升時(shí)，他們常常不能立即提價(jià)，因?yàn)槟切﹥r(jià)格建立在公開(kāi)的由供需關(guān)系支配的市場(chǎng)之上。他們?nèi)《�代之的，是開(kāi)始減小牛羊喂養(yǎng)的規(guī)模，那最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)肉類(lèi)減少、價(jià)格上升。但減少牲畜產(chǎn)出也只能維持幾個(gè)月到幾年，臨時(shí)起到實(shí)際抑制價(jià)格的作用，如果屠殺喂養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物以減少產(chǎn)出的話。

    更大食品通脹很可能激起一場(chǎng)有關(guān)其原因的大辯論。許多食品制造商和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家堅(jiān)持，一個(gè)原因就是政府政策提倡大量使用由谷物提煉而來(lái)的乙醇燃料。

    大約三分之一的農(nóng)作物被用于制作乙醇，使得乙醇生產(chǎn)商同牲畜農(nóng)場(chǎng)主以及食品制造商去競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。他們競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)果，就是現(xiàn)在谷物的價(jià)格越來(lái)越高、越來(lái)越反復(fù)無(wú)常了。

    “油價(jià)和農(nóng)業(yè)商品的關(guān)系不同以往，就象2007年，它是那些食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的主游戲操控者。”咨詢公司FarmEcon總裁FarmEcon說(shuō)。

    但乙醇擁護(hù)者反擊，食品工業(yè)的爭(zhēng)論是錯(cuò)誤的，他們說(shuō)，當(dāng)乙醇生產(chǎn)加大時(shí)谷物價(jià)格卻在跌落。Matt Hartwig，可再生燃料協(xié)會(huì)乙醇工業(yè)群體的發(fā)言人說(shuō)，食品公司“很快會(huì)告訴美國(guó)民眾，他們不得不加價(jià)是因?yàn)楣任锸侨绱税嘿F，谷物如此昂貴的原因就在于基于谷物而生產(chǎn)的乙醇。”

    Hartwig先生補(bǔ)充道：“現(xiàn)在，我們非常清楚地知道，那種關(guān)系并不存在。如果乙醇不成其原因，那食品價(jià)格上漲真正的原因是什么？”